Idethi yokubuyekeza: 15.01.2022
Ukuvuka nokuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Konke ukukhuphuka kunemizabalazo, futhi ukuwa ngakunye kunezizathu ezivame ukufihlwa yimiphumela yalezi zenzakalo. Ilanga loMbuso Wase-Ottoman- Omunye wemibuso emikhulu emlandweni waphakama futhi wakhanya isikhathi eside, kodwa njenganoma yimuphi omunye ubukhosi, ukuwa kwakumnyama futhi kungapheli.
The UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wasungulwa ngo-1299 futhi yakhula isuka ezizweni zamaTurkey e-Anatolia. Ama-ottomans ajabulela ukudlala kwamandla ngendlela efanele phakathi nekhulu le-15 nele-16 futhi abusa iminyaka engaphezu kwama- 600 . Ithathwa njengomunye wozalo olwathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu emlandweni wemibuso ebusayo. Amandla ama-Ottoman ngokuvamile ayebhekwa njengamandla e-Islam. Kwakubhekwa njengosongo abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu.Ukubusa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kuthathwa njengenkathi yokuzinza kwesifunda, ukuphepha, kanye nentuthuko. Ukuphumelela kwalolu bukhosi kubangelwa ukuthi bavumelana nezimo ezishintshayo, futhi lokhu, sekukonke, kuvula indlela yentuthuko yamasiko, ezenhlalakahle, ezenkolo, ezomnotho kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
Umlando Wombuso Wase-Ottoman
UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wakhula wahlanganisa izindawo ezihlukahlukene zeYurophu yanamuhla. Yanabela eTurkey, eGibhithe, eSiriya, eRomania, eMacedonia, eHungary, kwa-Israel, eJordani, eLebanon, ezingxenyeni zeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeNyakatho Afrika phakathi nenani eliphakeme . Ingqikithi yendawo yoMbuso yahlanganisa cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-7.6 ngo-1595. Ngesikhathi ibhidlika ingxenye yawo yaba iTurkey yanamuhla.
Umsuka woMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Indawo yase-Ottoman ngokwayo yavela njengentambo ephukile yoMbuso WaseTurk waseSeljuk. UMbuso WaseSeljuk wahlaselwa amaqhawe aseTurkey ngaphansi kuka-Osman I ngekhulu le-13 asebenzisa ithuba lokuhlasela kwamaMongol. Ukuhlasela kwamaMongol kwakwenze umbuso waseSeljuk waba buthaka, futhi ubuqotho bamaSulumane babusengozini. Ngemva kokuhlakazeka koMbuso Wase-Seljuk, amaTurkey ase-Ottoman athola amandla. Balawula ezinye izifunda zoMbuso WaseSeljuk, futhi kancane kancane ngekhulu le-14, konke ukubusa okuhlukene kwaseTurkey kwakubuswa kakhulu amaTurkey ase-Ottoman.
Ukunyuka koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Ukukhula kwawo wonke amakhosi kwenzeka kancane kancane kunenqubo engazelelwe. Umbuso waseTurkey ukweleta impumelelo yawo ebuholini obuvelele buka-Osman I, u-Orhan, uMurad I, kanye no-Bayezid I ngesakhiwo sabo esimaphakathi, ukubusa okuhle, indawo ekhula njalo, ukulawula imizila yezohwebo, kanye nokuhlela amandla ezempi angesabi. Ukulawulwa kwemizila yezohwebo kwavula iminyango yengcebo enkulu, eyabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuzinzeni nasekuqiniseni umthetho.
Isikhathi sokwanda okukhulu
Ngokusobala, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wafinyelela esicongweni ngokunqotshwa kweConstantinople - inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. IConstantinople, eyayibhekwa njengengenakunqotshwa, yaguqiswa inzalo ka-Osman. Lokhu kunqoba kwaba yisisekelo sokunwetshwa okwengeziwe koMbuso, okuhlanganisa nezifunda ezingaphezu kweshumi ezahlukene zaseYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Izincwadi zomlando woMbuso Wase-Ottoman zilandisa le nkathi ukuze ibizwe ngokuthi inkathi yokwanda okukhulu. Izazi-mlando eziningi zithi lokhu kwanda kuyisimo esingahlelekile nesinciphayo sezifundazwe ezithathiwe kanye namandla ezempi ase-Ottoman athuthukile futhi ahlelekile. Ukwanda kwaqhubeka lapho kunqotshwa amaMamluk eGibhithe naseSiriya.I-Algiers, iHungary, nezingxenye zeGreece nazo zaba ngaphansi kweSambulela samaTurkey ase-Ottoman ekhulwini le-15.
Kusobala ezingxenyeni zoMlando Wombuso Wase-Ottoman ukuthi naphezu kokuba ubukhosi isikhundla sombusi ophakeme kuphela noma u-sultan sasiwufuzo bonke abanye ngisho nabaphezulu kwakufanele bathole izikhundla zabo. Ngo-1520 ukubusa kwakusezandleni zikaSulayman I. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wathola amandla engeziwe futhi kwaqashelwa isimiso esiqinile sokwahlulela. Isiko lale mpucuko laqala ukudlondlobala.
Ukuwohloka koMbuso Wase-Ottoman
Ukushona kukaSultan Sulyman I kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi eyaholela ekuwohlokeni koBukhosi Base-Ottoman. Isizathu esibalulekile sokwehla sivele saba ukunqotshwa kwezempi okulandelanayo - okugqama kakhulu ukuhlulwa empini yase-Lepanto . Izimpi zaseRussia-Turkish ziholela ekuwohlokeni kwamandla ezempi. Ngemva kwezimpi, uMbusi kufanele asayine izivumelwano eziningana, futhi uMbuso walahlekelwa ukuzimela kwawo kwezomnotho. Impi yaseCrimea yadala ezinye izinkinga.
Kuze kube sekhulwini le-18, isizinda esimaphakathi soMbuso sase siba buthakathaka, futhi izenzo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlubuka zaholela ekulahlekeni okuqhubekayo kwezindawo. Ngozungu lwezombangazwe ku-sultanate, ukuqinisa imibuso yaseYurophu, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho njengoba uhwebo olusha lwaluthuthukiswa, uMbuso WaseTurkey. wafinyelela esigabeni esiphelele futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "Indoda Egulayo YaseYurophu". Yayibizwa kanjalo ngoba yayilahlekelwe yikho konke ukuphawula kwayo, yayingazinzile kwezomnotho futhi yayincike kakhulu eYurophu.Ukuphela kwempi yezwe kwaphawula ukuphela koMbuso Wase-Ottoman futhi. I-Turkish nationalist yaqeda i-sultanate esayina isivumelwano se-Sevres.
Izwi Lokugcina
Konke ukukhuphuka kuyawa kepha ama-Ottoman abusa inkathi iminyaka engama-600 futhi kwathatha iMpi Yezwe ukuyiqeda. AmaTurkey ase-Ottoman asakhunjulwa ngobuqhawe bawo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kanye nokwehlukahlukana, amabhizinisi amasha, ukubekezelelana kwezenkolo kanye nezimangaliso zezakhiwo. Izinqubomgomo kanye nengqalasizinda yezombangazwe eyathuthukiswa abaseTurkey abangasekho kusasebenza nokho ngezindlela ezithuthukisiwe noma ezishintshiwe.